Ángel Borja
Principal Researcher in the area of Environmental Management of Seas and Coasts at AZTI and editor-in-chief of the journal Frontiers in Ocean Sustainability
The report is a continuation of the reports that Copernicus has been publishing over the last 10 years. The data used are in the public domain and allow the research carried out to be replicated. In this respect, I consider the research to be robust and to provide an up-to-date picture of the state of the oceans, both globally and locally. This makes it a very timely article for understanding what we are facing. However, it is true that the data analysed appear to cover the period up to 2024 (at least that is what is stated in most cases), whilst in 2025 and 2026 the situation has continued to worsen in areas such as sea-level rise, extreme events and heatwaves, as recently highlighted in reports by the European Environment Agency, the UN’s World Ocean Assessment and the World Weather Attribution report, which analyses data right up to the start of this summer.
Overall, the report adds, in a structured manner, new evidence to what was already known – namely, that marine heatwaves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise have been increasing in recent decades and years, and that these phenomena are anthropogenic in origin. As for the implications of these phenomena, the authors provide a good overview of many of them, using language that is accessible to the general public.
I find it particularly interesting that they highlight sea-level rise in the western Mediterranean and certain extreme events we have experienced on the Iberian Peninsula. We have been observing these effects for several years now, and they are certainly set to increase (as they did in 2025–2026), but it seems to be a problem that society tends to downplay (for example, the combined problems of rising sea levels and extreme weather events, which are eroding the Mediterranean coastline, and yet there are still those who insist on rebuilding in places that are undoubtedly set to disappear). It is possible that all this will be exacerbated next year, with the Super El Niño that has formed in the Pacific and is having significant consequences for resources and assets in many parts of this ocean, but which we know will eventually spread to the entire global ocean.
With regard to the report, I do not see any significant limitations that need to be taken into account.