Final blackout report by European operators confirms event was caused by multiple factors, recommends improving oversight and coordination
The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) has published its final report on the blackout of 28 April 2025 that left mainland Spain and Portugal without power. The document, drawn up by a panel of 49 members, concludes that the blackout was caused by a combination of many interacting factors, including oscillations, deficiencies in voltage control, rapid power reductions and generator disconnections in Spain. These factors caused rapid voltage rises and cascading generation disconnections, leading to the blackout. At a press briefing, Damián Cortinas, Chair of the ENTSO-E Board of Directors, clarified: “The problem is not renewable energy, but voltage control, regardless of the type of generation”. He added: “This isn’t about high technology; it’s something we’ve been able to do for decades.” Experts have made recommendations to prevent similar situations in Europe, such as strengthening operational practices, improving monitoring of system behaviour, closer coordination and data sharing among electricity system operators. Furthermore, they have highlighted the need to adapt regulatory frameworks to implement these recommendations in line with the changing nature of the electricity system.
