cancer

A team in China has studied the ability of a test to detect the human papillomavirus (HPV)—responsible for the vast majority of cervical cancers—in menstrual blood from more than 3,000 women. The results indicate that the test is comparable to current screening performed in medical offices. According to the researchers, “Using menstrual blood for HPV testing is practical and non-invasive, allowing women to collect samples at home and thus potentially offering a practical way to expand access to screening.” The study is published in The BMJ. 

In 2022, approximately four out of every 10 new cancer cases worldwide were due to modifiable risk factors, primarily tobacco or alcohol consumption and infections, including those caused by the human papillomavirus or H. pylori bacteria. These are some of the conclusions of a global study led by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and its International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), published in Nature Medicine. In Spain, 41.8% of cancer cases in men are attributed to modifiable external factors, compared to 26.1% in women, with smoking remaining the main factor (28.5% and 9.9%, respectively). The analysis is based on data from 185 countries.

A phase 3 clinical trial conducted in China tested 210 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer—the most common type—to see whether the time of day when immunotherapy and chemotherapy were administered influenced their effectiveness. The data indicate that, on average, those who received therapy after 3 p.m. did not see their cancer worsen for 5.4 months. In contrast, those who received it before that time did not see their cancer worsen for an average of 11.7 months, almost twice as long. Overall, response rates were 56.2% and 69.5%, respectively. The results, published in Nature Medicine, suggest that scheduling therapy early in the day may offer a simple and cost-free way to improve treatment efficacy.

Between April 2021 and December 2022, more than 100,000 women in Sweden were randomly assigned to either AI-assisted mammography screening or double reading, where two radiologists review each mammogram without the aid of AI. AI-assisted screening identified more women with significant cancers without a higher rate of false positives and also achieved a 12% reduction in the rate of interval cancers—those that appear between mammograms because they went unnoticed or are newly developed and more aggressive—compared to the double reading procedure. This is the first clinical trial of its kind, and its results are published in The Lancet.

Several recent studies had concluded that the risk of gastric cancer doubled with the use of drugs such as omeprazole – proton pump inhibitors. A new study published in The BMJ states that there is no association between prolonged use of these drugs and the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. The research used prospective data from registries in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden between 1994 and 2020. The study included more than 17,000 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (other than cardia cancer) who had been exposed to these drugs for more than one year.

A higher body mass index (BMI) correlates—regardless of age at menarche—with a lower risk of breast cancer, according to a meta-analysis based on genetic data from more than 56,000 women. The study, published in Science Advances, seeks to clarify previous seemingly contradictory findings: more body fat (measured by BMI) before puberty could have a protective effect against breast cancer; however, a higher BMI is also linked to earlier menarche, which is associated with an increased risk of developing this disease. The authors indicate that the prepubertal stage is a ‘critical window’ in which adiposity has the greatest influence on future breast cancer risk.

People with colour vision deficiency and bladder cancer have lower survival rates than patients with the same cancer who have not been diagnosed with this visual condition, according to an analysis of medical records between 2004 and 2025 comparing a group of 135 people with both diagnoses and another group of 135 with bladder cancer without visual impairment. In a study published in Nature Health, the authors suggest that this difference could be due to these patients not detecting the presence of blood in their urine, which delays the seeking of medical care and cancer diagnosis.

An international team has used a type of artificial intelligence (AI) to identify the most important factors influencing cancer survival in almost every country in the world. The study provides information on policy improvements or changes that could be implemented in each nation to have the greatest impact. In general, access to radiotherapy, universal health coverage, and economic strength emerged as common and important factors. Furthermore, information for each country, including Spain, can be accessed through an online tool. The results are published in  Annals of Oncology. 

Stem cell transplants in cancer patients have achieved complete remission of HIV in a few cases in people who are also HIV-positive. However, in most cases, the donors were homozygous—with two identical copies of the gene—for a mutation in the CCR5 gene that is considered protective against the virus. A German team has now reported a new case of remission in a 60-year-old man with leukemia—called the “second Berlin patient”—in which the donor was heterozygous (only one of the two copies contained the mutation), which could broaden the alternatives. The results are published in the journal Nature.

An artificial intelligence (AI) model trained on over 400,000 mammograms and analyzed in a separate sample of over 240,000 improved cancer risk prediction in cases of dense breasts, which are more common in young women or those with a low body mass index. This is an important factor in screening, especially because it can hinder tumor detection. The results are presented as an abstract, not yet peer-reviewed, at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.