ESA's ExoMars and Mars Express missions have for the first time detected ice near the equator of Mars, specifically in the Tharsis volcanoes, an area of the planet where it was thought impossible to exist. According to the researchers, who publish the results in the journal Nature Geoscience, such findings are important for habitability and future human exploration.
Some animal species, such as parrots or dolphins, appear to address each other by imitating sounds from the receiver. However, animals addressing each other by individual names has only been observed in humans. Now, an international team of researchers says that African elephants can communicate through name-like calls and do not appear to rely on imitation to do so. According to the authors, who publish their results in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, the finding would imply that they have some degree of symbolic thinking.
In an analysis published in Cell Reports Sustainability, an international team of researchers proposes a regular cash payment for the entire world population, which could increase global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 130 %. According to the authors, this basic income could be paid for, in part, by a tax on carbon emitters, which would also help to reduce environmental degradation.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has announced that a 59-year-old man infected with the H5N2 avian influenza virus died in Mexico on 24 April. This is the first confirmed human infection with the virus. The patient had multiple underlying medical conditions and had been bedridden for three weeks for other reasons before showing symptoms. The source of infection is unknown. The WHO assesses the risk to the general population as low.
The Lancet Psychiatry publishes the first meta-analysis of the incidence of antidepressant treatment discontinuation symptoms that includes data from more than 20,000 patients collected from 79 randomised controlled trials and observational studies. The study sought to distinguish between symptoms directly caused by medication discontinuation and other ‘non-specific’ symptoms that may be associated with patient or professional expectations (the nocebo effect). The study concludes that one in six to seven patients will experience one or more symptoms directly caused by stopping medication, and one in 35 are likely to experience severe symptoms.
A higher intake of salt - as measured by the concentration of sodium in urine - is associated with an increased likelihood of atopic dermatitis, says a study published in JAMA Dermatology. The researchers used data on the amount of sodium in urine samples from more than 215,000 people in the UK, collected in a previous study. The authors suggest that restricting salt intake "may be a cost-effective and low-risk intervention" for this skin disease.
Internet 'addiction' in adolescents is associated with changes in neural networks in their brains, a review of studies has found. The analysis published in PLoS Mental Health brings together the results of 12 previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, conducted in young people aged 10-19 in Asian countries (Korea, China and Indonesia).
Drinking alcohol and sleeping in hypobaric conditions - such as those of an aircraft cabin - could be a risk to cardiovascular health, a study warns. Researchers compared a group of 23 people sleeping in a laboratory with another group of 17 people sleeping in a high-altitude chamber, replicating conditions at about 2,400 metres above sea level. The combination of alcohol consumption and hypobaric hypoxia during the simulation "reduced sleep quality, challenged the cardiovascular system and led to extended duration of hypoxaemia," the authors state in the journal Thorax.
Research with Spanish participation concludes that, in European countries, tropospheric ozone pollution from beyond national borders was associated with 88% of ozone-attributable deaths, and only 12% were due to domestic sources. The authors, whose research is published in Nature Medicine, used epidemiological and air quality modelling to quantify the burden of mortality in Europe associated with ozone pollution from various geographical sources. This included more than six million deaths in 813 regions in 35 European countries - including Spain - in the 2015-2017 warm seasons.
A journalistic investigation by The Investigative Desk (Netherlands) and The BMJ (UK) concludes that tobacco industry-funded studies continue to appear in the most cited medical journals. The team of journalists found hundreds of links in the PubMed database between the medical and pharmaceutical subsidiaries of the big tobacco companies - Philip Morris International, Altria, British American Tobacco, Imperial Brands and Japan Tobacco International - and published medical research. In addition, the research revealed that of 40 journals - the 10 most cited in general medicine and another 30 in areas affected by smoking - only eight had policies prohibiting studies funded in whole or in part by the tobacco industry.