Scientists

Physical exercise of any kind shows similar benefits to psychological therapy for the treatment of depression in adults. This is one of the conclusions of a new systematic review by the Cochrane Collaboration based on data from almost 5,000 people, which is the latest update of a review first published in 2008. With regard to antidepressants, the research shows a similar effect, but the evidence is somewhat more limited. The authors point to the lack of robustness in terms of long-term treatment with physical exercise. 

Stopping weight loss drugs is followed by weight regain and reversal of beneficial effects on markers of cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure, according to a meta-analysis published by The BMJ. The research includes 37 studies published up to February 2025 involving more than 9,300 people. 

An international team with Spanish participation has analysed hominid remains discovered in Casablanca (Morocco) and concluded that they could be very close ancestors of early modern humans. The fossils date from around the same period as the Homo antecessor found in Atapuerca—some 773,000 years ago—but are morphologically different. According to the authors, who published their findings in Nature, the fossils offer clues about the last common ancestor shared with Neanderthals and Denisovans, and support an African, rather than Eurasian, origin for H. sapiens.

An international report led by the University of Cambridge (United Kingdom) warns that there is a serious risk of a ‘lost’ generation emerging in Gaza, due to the combination of educational, physical and psychological impacts after more than two years of the Israeli invasion. As of 1 October 2025, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported the deaths of 18,069 students and 780 education personnel in Gaza, with 26,391 students and 3,211 teachers injured. The study estimates that children in Gaza will have lost the equivalent of five years of education due to repeated school closures since 2020, first due to COVID-19 and then due to the Israeli invasion.

Thermal paper, designed for use with heat-sensitive inks and widely used for printing receipts, contains potentially toxic substances such as bisphenol A and S. Both are considered endocrine disruptors, as they have the ability to interfere with hormones. A new study published in Science Advances reveals a more sustainable and less toxic alternative based on wood derivatives. Specifically, they have surpassed bisphenol thermal coatings thanks to the plant derivatives lignin and D-xylose sugar derived from xylan (DFX).

A US research team presents new evidence in Science Advances that Sahelanthropus tchadensis was a biped that evolved from an ape ancestor. Based on the study of two partial ulnas and a femur, they conclude that S. tchadensis—the oldest known hominid, which lived around 7 million years ago—had bones similar in size and shape to those of chimpanzees, but with a relative proportion more similar to that of hominids.

A team from the United States has analyzed nearly twenty studies on melatonin use in children between the ages of 0 and 6 in different countries. Although it appears that melatonin can help improve sleep onset in children with neurological conditions such as autism spectrum disorders, the data indicate that in recent years there has been an increase in sales of these products without a clear understanding of their actual effectiveness and potential long-term consequences for typically developing young children. The results are published in JAMA Network Open. 

The sequencing of the DNA of the virus found in wild boars infected with African swine fever in Catalonia and its comparison with the DNA of 17 of the 19 samples being investigated at the Animal Health Research Centre (IRTA-CReSA) has revealed that they do not match, according to a press conference held this morning by representatives of the scientific team in charge of the study and the Catalan Regional Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. They consider the leak from the laboratory to be ‘highly unlikely’, although further studies are still ongoing. The research, led by the IRB, suggests that it could belong to a new strain not described in the scientific literature.

The end of the year is a good time to take stock. We love lists, but even more so, we love knowing what has interested you most from all we have published in 2025. So here are the 10 most-read articles—spoiler alert: yes, Trump and AI made it into the top ten.

In 2025, climate change drove extreme weather events around the world, disproportionately affecting vulnerable and marginalised communities. In addition, global temperatures were exceptionally high, heatwaves were significantly more intense than 10 years ago, and millions of people were pushed to the limits of their ability to adapt. These are the main conclusions of the 2025 report published by the World Weather Attribution initiative, whose experts believe that ‘drastically reducing fossil fuel emissions remains the key policy for avoiding the worst impacts of climate change’.