The PsychENCODE consortium, established in 2015 and dedicated to illuminating the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, presents findings based on the examination of human brains at the cellular level. The studies are published today in the journals Science, Science Translational Medicine and Science Advances.

A South Korean research team has designed an artificial olfactory system capable of distinguishing short-chain fatty acids with 90 % reliability. These molecules serve as diagnostic biomarkers for diseases such as stomach cancer and halitosis, according to the authors, whose research is published in Science Advances. The system - consisting of human olfactory receptors, artificial synapses and an artificial neural network - is able to distinguish combinations of molecules, compared to current techniques that detect single molecules and single compounds. 

A study conducted in Spain and five other European countries shows that exposure to mixtures of endocrine disruptors during pregnancy is associated with metabolic health problems in children. The research, published in JAMA Network Open, followed more than 1,100 mother-child pairs between 2003 and 2016 and found a correlation between measures of metabolic dysfunction in children aged 6-11 years, and their prenatal exposure to chemicals such as metals or organochlorine pesticides, among others. According to the authors, these results could be related to the current increase in metabolic syndrome across the lifespan, which results in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. 

A Finnish study involving more than 700,000 adolescents has found some risk of transmission of some mental disorders among classmates. The results are published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry. 

Research led by ISGlobal has analysed more than 11 million hospital admissions in 48 Spanish provinces during the months of June to September between 2006 and 2019. The results, published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, show that high temperatures increase admissions for obesity-related issues and renal and urinary insufficiency, among other causes. 

A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives has analysed hospital admissions in 48 Spanish provinces during the months of June to September between 2006 and 2019. Its results, discussed at a briefing organised by Science Media Centre Spain, show that high temperatures increase admissions for issues related to obesity and renal and urinary insufficiency, among other causes. 

According to a study on the number of pedestrian accidents in Great Britain between 2013 and 2017, published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, the risk of pedestrian crashes was twice as high for electric and hybrid vehicles as for petrol and diesel vehicles.  

An increased frequency of nightmares and hallucinations may precede the onset of certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus, says a study published in the journal eClinicalMedicine. The team surveyed 676 people with lupus and 400 physicians, as well as in-depth interviews with a smaller group. Of the patients who experienced hallucinations, 61% of those with lupus and 34% of those with other rheumatic autoimmune diseases reported having more disturbing nightmares before the hallucinations. Paying more attention to these neuropsychiatric symptoms could provide an ‘early warning system’ for earlier clinical intervention, say the authors.  

A clinical trial involving 60 people with upper and lower body paralysis showed that a non-invasive electrical spinal cord stimulation device - called ARCEX - helps improve hand and arm function in quadriplegic patients. The study, the results of which are published in Nature Medicine, showed that 43 of the people with paralysis experienced improved arm and hand strength and function after receiving electrical stimulation along with rehabilitation exercises.  

The Science group is simultaneously publishing four papers (two in the journal Science, one in Science Immunology and one in Science Translational Medicine) that include advances in a sequential vaccination strategy for an effective HIV vaccine. The methods employed aim to obtain broad-spectrum neutralising antibodies and one of the proposals is already in clinical trials.